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Drag image here. Visual Search. Concept yellow snake and coin cryptocurrency Neo. Share Twitter. Download Preview. Image ID : Media Type : Stock Photo. Copyright : Stanislav Shahurin. Standard License Extended License. Size Guide. XL Backdrops, billboards and digital screen displays. Using this image on a resale item or template? Print Electronic Comprehensive. Buy credit pack and save more. Many have bought! Lowest price with Subscription Plan.

No daily download limit, unused downloads rollover to next month. Value for money. More plans and pricing. Show More. Similar Images. The blockchain has been described as "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way". The blockchain was invented by a person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto in to serve as the public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. The invention of the blockchain for bitcoin made it the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or central server.

The bitcoin design has inspired other applications [1] [3] and blockchains that are readable by the public and are widely used by cryptocurrencies. The blockchain is considered a type of payment rail. Scott Stornetta. In , Haber, Stornetta, and Dave Bayer incorporated Merkle trees to the design, which improved its efficiency by allowing several document certificates to be collected into one block.

The first blockchain was conceptualized by a person or group of people known as Satoshi Nakamoto in Nakamoto improved the design in an important way using a Hashcash -like method to timestamp blocks without requiring them to be signed by a trusted party and introducing a difficulty parameter to stabilize rate with which blocks are added to the chain.

The ledger size had exceeded GiB by early The words block and chain were used separately in Satoshi Nakamoto's original paper, but were eventually popularized as a single word, blockchain, by According to Accenture , an application of the diffusion of innovations theory suggests that blockchains attained a A blockchain is a decentralized , distributed , and oftentimes public, digital ledger consisting of records called blocks that is used to record transactions across many computers so that any involved block cannot be altered retroactively, without the alteration of all subsequent blocks.

They are authenticated by mass collaboration powered by collective self-interests. The use of a blockchain removes the characteristic of infinite reproducibility from a digital asset. It confirms that each unit of value was transferred only once, solving the long-standing problem of double spending. A blockchain has been described as a value-exchange protocol.

Blocks hold batches of valid transactions that are hashed and encoded into a Merkle tree. The linked blocks form a chain. Sometimes separate blocks can be produced concurrently, creating a temporary fork. In addition to a secure hash-based history, any blockchain has a specified algorithm for scoring different versions of the history so that one with a higher score can be selected over others. Blocks not selected for inclusion in the chain are called orphan blocks.

They keep only the highest-scoring version of the database known to them. Whenever a peer receives a higher-scoring version usually the old version with a single new block added they extend or overwrite their own database and retransmit the improvement to their peers. There is never an absolute guarantee that any particular entry will remain in the best version of the history forever. Blockchains are typically built to add the score of new blocks onto old blocks and are given incentives to extend with new blocks rather than overwrite old blocks.

Therefore, the probability of an entry becoming superseded decreases exponentially [22] as more blocks are built on top of it, eventually becoming very low. There are a number of methods that can be used to demonstrate a sufficient level of computation. Within a blockchain the computation is carried out redundantly rather than in the traditional segregated and parallel manner.

The block time is the average time it takes for the network to generate one extra block in the blockchain. Some blockchains create a new block as frequently as every five seconds. In cryptocurrency, this is practically when the transaction takes place, so a shorter block time means faster transactions. The block time for Ethereum is set to between 14 and 15 seconds, while for bitcoin it is on average 10 minutes.

A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software. By storing data across its peer-to-peer network , the blockchain eliminates a number of risks that come with data being held centrally.

Peer-to-peer blockchain networks lack centralized points of vulnerability that computer crackers can exploit; likewise, it has no central point of failure. Blockchain security methods include the use of public-key cryptography. Value tokens sent across the network are recorded as belonging to that address. A private key is like a password that gives its owner access to their digital assets or the means to otherwise interact with the various capabilities that blockchains now support. Data stored on the blockchain is generally considered incorruptible.

Every node in a decentralized system has a copy of the blockchain. Data quality is maintained by massive database replication [29] and computational trust. No centralized "official" copy exists and no user is "trusted" more than any other. Messages are delivered on a best-effort basis. Mining nodes validate transactions, [21] add them to the block they are building, and then broadcast the completed block to other nodes.

Open blockchains are more user-friendly than some traditional ownership records, which, while open to the public, still require physical access to view. Because all early blockchains were permissionless, controversy has arisen over the blockchain definition. An issue in this ongoing debate is whether a private system with verifiers tasked and authorized permissioned by a central authority should be considered a blockchain.

These blockchains serve as a distributed version of multiversion concurrency control MVCC in databases. The great advantage to an open, permissionless, or public, blockchain network is that guarding against bad actors is not required and no access control is needed. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies currently secure their blockchain by requiring new entries to include a proof of work.

To prolong the blockchain, bitcoin uses Hashcash puzzles. In , venture capital investment for blockchain-related projects was weakening in the USA but increasing in China. Permissioned blockchains use an access control layer to govern who has access to the network. They do not rely on anonymous nodes to validate transactions nor do they benefit from the network effect. Nikolai Hampton pointed out in Computerworld that "There is also no need for a '51 percent' attack on a private blockchain, as the private blockchain most likely already controls percent of all block creation resources.

If you could attack or damage the blockchain creation tools on a private corporate server, you could effectively control percent of their network and alter transactions however you wished. It's unlikely that any private blockchain will try to protect records using gigawatts of computing power — it's time consuming and expensive.

This means that many in-house blockchain solutions will be nothing more than cumbersome databases. The analysis of public blockchains has become increasingly important with the popularity of bitcoin , Ethereum , litecoin and other cryptocurrencies.

The process of understanding and accessing the flow of crypto has been an issue for many cryptocurrencies, crypto-exchanges and banks. This is changing and now specialised tech-companies provide blockchain tracking services, making crypto exchanges, law-enforcement and banks more aware of what is happening with crypto funds and fiat crypto exchanges. The development, some argue, has led criminals to prioritise use of new cryptos such as Monero.

It is a key debate in cryptocurrency and ultimately in blockchain. Blockchain technology can be integrated into multiple areas. The primary use of blockchains today is as a distributed ledger for cryptocurrencies , most notably bitcoin. There are a few operational products maturing from proof of concept by late Most cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to record transactions. For example, the bitcoin network and Ethereum network are both based on blockchain. On 8 May Facebook confirmed that it would open a new blockchain group [53] which would be headed by David Marcus , who previously was in charge of Messenger.

Facebook's planned cryptocurrency platform, Libra now known as Diem , was formally announced on June 18, Blockchain-based smart contracts are proposed contracts that can be partially or fully executed or enforced without human interaction. A key feature of smart contracts is that they do not need a trusted third party such as a trustee to act as an intermediary between contracting entities -the blockchain network executes the contract on its own.

This may reduce friction between entities when transferring value and could subsequently open the door to a higher level of transaction automation. But "no viable smart contract systems have yet emerged. Major portions of the financial industry are implementing distributed ledgers for use in banking , [60] [61] [62] and according to a September IBM study, this is occurring faster than expected. Banks are interested in this technology because it has potential to speed up back office settlement systems.

Banks such as UBS are opening new research labs dedicated to blockchain technology in order to explore how blockchain can be used in financial services to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Berenberg , a German bank, believes that blockchain is an "overhyped technology" that has had a large number of "proofs of concept", but still has major challenges, and very few success stories.

In December , Bitwala launched Europe's first regulated blockchain banking solution that enables users to manage both their bitcoin and euro deposits in one place with the safety and convenience of a German bank account. The bank account is hosted by the Berlin-based solarisBank. Mojaloop is designed to deliver financial support to people living in areas underserved by banks. It of use to migrants sending remittances [69]. A number of companies are active in this space providing services for compliant tokenization, private STOs, and public STOs.

A blockchain game CryptoKitties , launched in November CryptoKitties also demonstrated how blockchains can be used to catalog game assets digital assets. Blockchain is also being used in peer-to-peer energy trading. There are a number of efforts and industry organizations working to employ blockchains in supply chain management.

Blockchain could be used in detecting counterfeits by associating unique identifiers to products, documents and shipments, and storing records associated to transactions that cannot be forged or altered. Hospitals and vendors also utilized a blockchain for needed medical equipment. Additionally, blockchain technology was being used in China to speed up the time it takes for health insurance payments to be paid to health-care providers and patients.

Blockchain domain names are another use of blockchain on the rise. Unlike regular domain names, blockchain domain names are entirely an asset of the domain owner and can only be controlled by the owner through a private key. Organizations providing blockchain domain name services include Unstoppable Domains, Namecoin and Ethereum Name Services.

Blockchain technology can be used to create a permanent, public, transparent ledger system for compiling data on sales, tracking digital use and payments to content creators, such as wireless users [98] or musicians. New distribution methods are available for the insurance industry such as peer-to-peer insurance , parametric insurance and microinsurance following the adoption of blockchain. Institute of Museum and Library Services. Currently, there are at least four types of blockchain networks — public blockchains, private blockchains, consortium blockchains and hybrid blockchains.

A public blockchain has absolutely no access restrictions. Anyone with an Internet connection can send transactions to it as well as become a validator i. Some of the largest, most known public blockchains are the bitcoin blockchain and the Ethereum blockchain.

A private blockchain is permissioned. Participant and validator access is restricted. To distinguish between open blockchains and other peer-to-peer decentralized database applications that are not open ad-hoc compute clusters, the terminology Distributed Ledger DLT is normally used for private blockchains.

A hybrid blockchain has a combination of centralized and decentralized features. A sidechain is a designation for a blockchain ledger that runs in parallel to a primary blockchain. With the increasing number of blockchain systems appearing, even only those that support cryptocurrencies, blockchain interoperability is becoming a topic of major importance.

The objective is to support transferring assets from one blockchain system to another blockchain system. Wegner [] stated that "interoperability is the ability of two or more software components to cooperate despite differences in language, interface, and execution platform". The objective of blockchain interoperability is therefore to support such cooperation among blockchain systems, despite those kinds of differences.

There are already several blockchain interoperability solutions available. The IETF has a recent Blockchain-interop working group that already produced the draft of a blockchain interoperability architecture. The adoption rates, as studied by Catalini and Tucker , revealed that when people who typically adopt technologies early are given delayed access, they tend to reject the technology.

Motivations for adopting blockchain technology have been investigated by researchers. Janssen et al. Scholars in business and management have started studying the role of blockchains to support collaboration. Thanks to reliability, transparency, traceability of records, and information immutability, blockchains facilitate collaboration in a way that differs both from the traditional use of contracts and from relational norms.

In addition, contrary to the use of relational norms, blockchains do not require trust or direct connections between collaborators. The need for internal audit to provide effective oversight of organizational efficiency will require a change in the way that information is accessed in new formats. The Institute of Internal Auditors has identified the need for internal auditors to address this transformational technology. New methods are required to develop audit plans that identify threats and risks.

The Bank for International Settlements has criticized the public proof-of-work blockchains for high energy consumption. In September , the first peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to cryptocurrency and blockchain technology research, Ledger , was announced.

The inaugural issue was published in December The journal encourages authors to digitally sign a file hash of submitted papers, which are then timestamped into the bitcoin blockchain. Authors are also asked to include a personal bitcoin address in the first page of their papers for non-repudiation purposes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Block chain disambiguation.

If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO , which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange.

The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March See also: Distributed ledger. Main article: Cryptocurrency. Main article: Smart contract.

Main article: Ledger journal. Economics portal. The Economist. Archived from the original on 3 July Retrieved 18 June The technology behind bitcoin lets people who do not know or trust each other build a dependable ledger. This has implications far beyond the crypto currency.

Archived from the original on 21 May Retrieved 23 May The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 May Archived PDF from the original on 21 September Retrieved 22 October Archived from the original on 17 April Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies: a comprehensive introduction.

Princeton: Princeton University Press. January Harvard Business Review. Harvard University. Archived from the original on 18 January Retrieved 17 January The technology at the heart of bitcoin and other virtual currencies, blockchain is an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way.

Archived from the original on 27 September Retrieved 18 November Archived from the original on 6 September Retrieved 5 September Scott January Journal of Cryptology. Scott March Academic Press. Archived from the original on 19 May Retrieved 25 February Archived from the original on 2 December Retrieved 3 December Artificial Lawyer.

Retrieved 22 May Archived from the original on 8 November Retrieved 9 November Archived PDF from the original on 6 March Retrieved 16 September Archived from the original on 13 November Retrieved 16 November Archived from the original on 14 November Retrieved 13 November Handbook of Digital Currency. Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 19 November Mastering Bitcoin. Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies. Archived from the original on 1 December Retrieved 3 November Archived PDF from the original on 20 March Retrieved 28 April Archived from the original on 20 November Retrieved 20 November IGI Global.

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Sign Me, Bucs!!! On Dec. The recipients included Nick Fuentes, a year-old far-right internet personality who has been banned from YouTube and other platforms because of his hateful content. The Daily Stormer, a neo-Nazi website, and a French Holocaust denier also received some of the money. On Jan. Capitol, though he maintains he did not incite the insurrection or enter the building.

Bambenek said there are a number of reasons the far-right is attracted to Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. They wrongly assume Bitcoin is anonymous, when in fact every transaction can be viewed by anyone. The Daily Stormer , led by neo-Nazi troll Andrew Anglin , has been particularly vocal in its support for cryptocurrency.

He later pleaded guilty to assault. Recently, the Daily Stormer stopped asking readers for Bitcoin and shifted to Monero, a cryptocurrency with in-built privacy features that experts say make it all but untraceable. In order to buy most goods and services with cryptocurrency, one has to transfer it into U. Many of the most well-known members of the far-right owe their fame, and their net worth, to one platform : YouTube. YouTube radicalization: Google think tank's report on white supremacy says little about YouTube's role in driving people to extremism.

Some groups started podcasts. Other personalities, who were dependent on their video-streaming for followers, decamped to a gaming-centric, youth-focused video streaming website called DLive. Viewers on the site could buy credits or earn them by watching videos, and they passed those credits on to live-streamers, Squire found.