Bip32 bitcoins

However, deterministic wallets typically consist of a single "chain" of keypairs. The fact that there is only one chain means that sharing a wallet happens on an all-or-nothing basis. However, in some cases one only wants some public keys to be shared and recoverable.

In the example of a webshop, the webserver does not need access to all public keys of the merchant's wallet; only to those addresses which are used to receive customer's payments, and not for example the change addresses that are generated when the merchant spends money. Hierarchical deterministic wallets allow such selective sharing by supporting multiple keypair chains, derived from a single root. Variables below are either:.

Concatenation is the operation of appending one byte sequence onto another. In what follows, we will define a function that derives a number of child keys from a parent key. In order to prevent these from depending solely on the key itself, we extend both private and public keys first with an extra bits of entropy. This extension, called the chain code, is identical for corresponding private and public keys, and consists of 32 bytes.

We represent an extended private key as k, c , with k the normal private key, and c the chain code. Each extended key has 2 31 normal child keys, and 2 31 hardened child keys. Each of these child keys has an index. The normal child keys use indices 0 through 2 31 The hardened child keys use indices 2 31 through 2 32 Given a parent extended key and an index i, it is possible to compute the corresponding child extended key.

It is only defined for non-hardened child keys. The fact that they are equivalent is what makes non-hardened keys useful one can derive child public keys of a given parent key without knowing any private key , and also what distinguishes them from hardened keys. The reason for not always using non-hardened keys which are more useful is security; see further for more information.

The next step is cascading several CKD constructions to build a tree. We start with one root, the master extended key m. By evaluating CKDpriv m,i for several values of i, we get a number of level-1 derived nodes. As each of these is again an extended key, CKDpriv can be applied to those as well.

This results in the following identities:. Each leaf node in the tree corresponds to an actual key, while the internal nodes correspond to the collections of keys that descend from them. The chain codes of the leaf nodes are ignored, and only their embedded private or public key is relevant. Because of this construction, knowing an extended private key allows reconstruction of all descendant private keys and public keys, and knowing an extended public keys allows reconstruction of all descendant non-hardened public keys.

This corresponds exactly to the data used in traditional Bitcoin addresses. It is not advised to represent this data in base58 format though, as it may be interpreted as an address that way and wallet software is not required to accept payment to the chain key itself. This 78 byte structure can be encoded like other Bitcoin data in Base58, by first adding 32 checksum bits derived from the double SHA checksum , and then converting to the Base58 representation. This results in a Baseencoded string of up to characters.

Because of the choice of the version bytes, the Base58 representation will start with "xprv" or "xpub" on mainnet, "tprv" or "tpub" on testnet. Note that the fingerprint of the parent only serves as a fast way to detect parent and child nodes in software, and software must be willing to deal with collisions. Internally, the full bit identifier could be used. When importing a serialized extended public key, implementations must verify whether the X coordinate in the public key data corresponds to a point on the curve.

If not, the extended public key is invalid. The total number of possible extended keypairs is almost 2 , but the produced keys are only bits long, and offer about half of that in terms of security. Therefore, master keys are not generated directly, but instead from a potentially short seed value. The previous sections specified key trees and their nodes. The next step is imposing a wallet structure on this tree. The layout defined in this section is a default only, though clients are encouraged to mimic it for compatibility, even if not all features are supported.

An HDW is organized as several 'accounts'. Accounts are numbered, the default account "" being number 0. Clients are not required to support more than one account - if not, they only use the default account.

Each account is composed of two keypair chains: an internal and an external one. The external keychain is used to generate new public addresses, while the internal keychain is used for all other operations change addresses, generation addresses, Clients that do not support separate keychains for these should use the external one for everything.

In cases where two systems need to access a single shared wallet, and both need to be able to perform spendings, one needs to share the master private extended key. In copay, bitpay or bitcoin. Sign up to join this community. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. What bitcoin wallets support bip32 extended public key export? Ask Question. Asked 4 years ago. Active 2 years, 8 months ago.

Viewed 2k times. Improve this question. Yevhen Yevhen 9 9 bronze badges. Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. But watch out regardless of what wallet you are going to use! Improve this answer. Jonas Schnelli Jonas Schnelli 5, 1 1 gold badge 14 14 silver badges 29 29 bronze badges.

The description of that option says: View the extended public key of your wallet, so it can be imported into other apps and services. Andreas Andreas 3 3 silver badges 8 8 bronze badges. Abdussamad Abdussamad 2, 9 9 silver badges 18 18 bronze badges. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. Sign up using Facebook. Sign up using Email and Password. Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown.

This is an overview of cryptocurrency standards BIPs and SLIPs that are relevant to the Trezor device or Trezor Walletmeaning they are either already supported or their support is planned.

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In detail, the BIP44 has introduced the possibility of using multiple accounts. The latter will then be used to create in a deterministic way a BIP32 master key. Finally, from it, the daughter keys will be created according to the method reported in the specifications of BIP39 or However, the use of different seed implementations in the main wallets can have some negative repercussions.

Electrum , on the other hand, uses BIP As a result, some wallets such as Ledger use a word passphrase. Others, such as Exodus, can read a word passphrase. Obviously, in these cases, it is not possible to insert only the first 12 words, as the system would not work. The latter, among other things, can be run offline to maximize security. Using this tool, in fact, you can get all the information you need to recover the funds associated with the wallet by simply typing the seed.

First, the application will retrieve addresses and private keys, which can be used to retrieve funds with Electrum or any other portfolio that allows the import of private keys. Secondly, the extended BIP32 key and its Master Key will be shown, which can be used to retrieve a wallet using Electrum, for example. To understand how a passphrase works you need some basic knowledge about bitcoin storage.

When a user receives bitcoins, they are associated with a certain address. This address is a derivation of the public key, which in turn is a derivation of the private key. Therefore, the wallet first generates a private key, from which it will then obtain a public key that will finally be transformed into an address. A simple backup system for bitcoin in a wallet could consist in transcribing the private key into an encrypted file. The private key is a random string of characters, similar to this one:.

However, it is strongly recommended not to reuse your address for privacy reasons. For this reason, the last wallets create a new address every time you want to receive bitcoins. Therefore, to back up the received bitcoin, you would have to transcribe all the private keys generated from time to time.

In fact, this solution is very uncomfortable. Fortunately, in the developer Pieter Wuille created the BIP32 specification at the base of the hierarchical deterministic wallets. Together with it, Pieter created a mathematical function to create a master key from which to derive all other keys in a deterministic way.

For example, given a master key A, it will always generate the keys a, b, c, d and so on, always in this order. Subsequently, some developers have created additional tools to derive the master key from a seed of 12, 18 or 24 words BIP39 and to add support to several accounts BIP In the case of BIP44, therefore, you will have for example that, given the Master Key A, it will generate accounts a, b, c, each of which will have its own keys 1, 2, 3.

A very interesting feature that allows the wallets to ensure the privacy of users against the data mining of the blockchain. Over the years, in fact, analysis mechanisms have been developed to trace the identity of users by tracking transactions and addresses visible on the blockchain. With BIP44, therefore, they become ineffective.

The seed, therefore, is more than just a recovery key, as it also allows you to trace all transactions and addresses. Of course, this system also works on other cryptocurrencies, not just bitcoins. You can then get keys for litecoin, monero, ethereum, etc from the same seed. For this reason, multi-currency wallets such as Exodus, Jaxx and others, can store multiple cryptocurrencies using the same seed. However, there is one last problem.

As much as wallets are Open Source, PCs are protected from malware, browsers are equipped with anti-phishing filters and so on, there is always a slight chance that someone can steal the seed during the generation phase. There are in fact tools that record the activities performed by PCs. Moreover, computers do not always have an adequate level of entropy in creating a random sequence of numbers, especially if disconnected from the network.

This permits for example a webshop business to let its webserver generate fresh addresses public key hashes for each order or for each customer, without giving the webserver access to the corresponding private keys which are required for spending the received funds. However, deterministic wallets typically consist of a single "chain" of keypairs.

The fact that there is only one chain means that sharing a wallet happens on an all-or-nothing basis. However, in some cases one only wants some public keys to be shared and recoverable. In the example of a webshop, the webserver does not need access to all public keys of the merchant's wallet; only to those addresses which are used to receive customer's payments, and not for example the change addresses that are generated when the merchant spends money.

Hierarchical deterministic wallets allow such selective sharing by supporting multiple keypair chains, derived from a single root. Variables below are either:. Concatenation is the operation of appending one byte sequence onto another. In what follows, we will define a function that derives a number of child keys from a parent key. In order to prevent these from depending solely on the key itself, we extend both private and public keys first with an extra bits of entropy.

This extension, called the chain code, is identical for corresponding private and public keys, and consists of 32 bytes. We represent an extended private key as k, c , with k the normal private key, and c the chain code. Each extended key has 2 31 normal child keys, and 2 31 hardened child keys.

Each of these child keys has an index. The normal child keys use indices 0 through 2 31 The hardened child keys use indices 2 31 through 2 32 Given a parent extended key and an index i, it is possible to compute the corresponding child extended key.

It is only defined for non-hardened child keys. The fact that they are equivalent is what makes non-hardened keys useful one can derive child public keys of a given parent key without knowing any private key , and also what distinguishes them from hardened keys. The reason for not always using non-hardened keys which are more useful is security; see further for more information. The next step is cascading several CKD constructions to build a tree. We start with one root, the master extended key m.

By evaluating CKDpriv m,i for several values of i, we get a number of level-1 derived nodes. As each of these is again an extended key, CKDpriv can be applied to those as well. This results in the following identities:. Each leaf node in the tree corresponds to an actual key, while the internal nodes correspond to the collections of keys that descend from them. The chain codes of the leaf nodes are ignored, and only their embedded private or public key is relevant.

Because of this construction, knowing an extended private key allows reconstruction of all descendant private keys and public keys, and knowing an extended public keys allows reconstruction of all descendant non-hardened public keys. This corresponds exactly to the data used in traditional Bitcoin addresses.

It is not advised to represent this data in base58 format though, as it may be interpreted as an address that way and wallet software is not required to accept payment to the chain key itself. This 78 byte structure can be encoded like other Bitcoin data in Base58, by first adding 32 checksum bits derived from the double SHA checksum , and then converting to the Base58 representation.

This results in a Baseencoded string of up to characters. Because of the choice of the version bytes, the Base58 representation will start with "xprv" or "xpub" on mainnet, "tprv" or "tpub" on testnet. Note that the fingerprint of the parent only serves as a fast way to detect parent and child nodes in software, and software must be willing to deal with collisions. Internally, the full bit identifier could be used. When importing a serialized extended public key, implementations must verify whether the X coordinate in the public key data corresponds to a point on the curve.

If not, the extended public key is invalid. The total number of possible extended keypairs is almost 2 , but the produced keys are only bits long, and offer about half of that in terms of security. Therefore, master keys are not generated directly, but instead from a potentially short seed value.

The previous sections specified key trees and their nodes. The next step is imposing a wallet structure on this tree. The layout defined in this section is a default only, though clients are encouraged to mimic it for compatibility, even if not all features are supported. An HDW is organized as several 'accounts'.

Accounts are numbered, the default account "" being number 0. Clients are not required to support more than one account - if not, they only use the default account. Each account is composed of two keypair chains: an internal and an external one. The external keychain is used to generate new public addresses, while the internal keychain is used for all other operations change addresses, generation addresses, Clients that do not support separate keychains for these should use the external one for everything.

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First modification is including full BIP32 path of the exported node and second modification is removal of fingerprint field. See also: SLIP32 source. See also: SLIP44 source. It is an alternative to BIP44 -like wallet structure that is not suitable for the purposes of these cryptocurrencies:.

See also: SLIP48 source. This SLIP is informational. It describes a stress test deterministic wallet, which can be used to test various cornercases that such wallet can encounter. Development of Trezor deterministic wallet showed there are quite a lot of different types of transactions in the network.

In order to simplify testing of transaction history, Trezor developers came up with the idea to create a special XPUBs that will contain these various types of transactions. See also: SLIP14 source. This SLIP describes how to derive private and public key pairs for curve types different from secpk1. Trezor generates all keys from a 12 to 24 word mnemonic sequence and optionally a passphrase.

The BIP39 standard describes the procedure to compute a bit seed from this passphrase. From this seed, Trezor can create several master keys, one for each curve. It uses a process similar and compatible to BIP For other curves, it uses a different salt than BIP This avoids using the same private key for different elliptic curves with different orders.

See also: SLIP10 source. This SLIP describes symmetric encryption of key-value pairs using deterministic hierarchy. See also: SLIP11 source. This SLIP describes a format to save Bitcoin transaction metadata labels to accounts, transactions in a secure way, with regard to HD wallet , especially but not limited to hardware HD wallets.

It is used in Trezor Wallet for labelling, each account has its own metadata file and encryption key. See also: SLIP15 source. This SLIP describes simple encryption concept for a hardware device for secure storage of passwords. It is used in Trezor Password Manager. See also: SLIP16 source. This SLIP describes authentication using deterministic hierarchy, a method that is used for authenticating to various services such as websites or remote shells using a deterministic hierarchy.

It is used for signing in various services using Trezor. Using deterministic hierarchy for encryption and decryption is ideal because the same concepts of easy backup that relate to backing up deterministic wallets can be applied to backing up private keys. See also: SLIP17 source. It is an multi-party alternative to BIP SLIP39 has been first implemented in the firmware v. Internally, the full bit identifier could be used.

When importing a serialized extended public key, implementations must verify whether the X coordinate in the public key data corresponds to a point on the curve. If not, the extended public key is invalid. The total number of possible extended keypairs is almost 2 , but the produced keys are only bits long, and offer about half of that in terms of security.

Therefore, master keys are not generated directly, but instead from a potentially short seed value. The previous sections specified key trees and their nodes. The next step is imposing a wallet structure on this tree. The layout defined in this section is a default only, though clients are encouraged to mimic it for compatibility, even if not all features are supported. An HDW is organized as several 'accounts'.

Accounts are numbered, the default account "" being number 0. Clients are not required to support more than one account - if not, they only use the default account. Each account is composed of two keypair chains: an internal and an external one.

The external keychain is used to generate new public addresses, while the internal keychain is used for all other operations change addresses, generation addresses, Clients that do not support separate keychains for these should use the external one for everything. In cases where two systems need to access a single shared wallet, and both need to be able to perform spendings, one needs to share the master private extended key. Nodes can keep a pool of N look-ahead keys cached for external chains, to watch for incoming payments.

The look-ahead for internal chains can be very small, as no gaps are to be expected here. An extra look-ahead could be active for the first unused account's chains - triggering the creation of a new account when used. Note that the name of the account will still need to be entered manually and cannot be synchronized via the block chain.

In case an auditor needs full access to the list of incoming and outgoing payments, one can share all account public extended keys. This will allow the auditor to see all transactions from and to the wallet, in all accounts, but not a single secret key.

When a business has several independent offices, they can all use wallets derived from a single master. This will allow the headquarters to maintain a super-wallet that sees all incoming and outgoing transactions of all offices, and even permit moving money between the offices. Such a mechanism could also be used by mining pool operators as variable payout address. When an unsecure webserver is used to run an e-commerce site, it needs to know public addresses that are used to receive payments.

The webserver only needs to know the public extended key of the external chain of a single account. This means someone illegally obtaining access to the webserver can at most see all incoming payments but will not be able to steal the money, will not trivially be able to distinguish outgoing transactions, nor be able to see payments received by other webservers if there are several.

To comply with this standard, a client must at least be able to import an extended public or private key, to give access to its direct descendants as wallet keys. However, implementations may deviate from it for specific needs; more complex applications may call for a more complex tree structure. Private and public keys must be kept safe as usual. Leaking a private key means access to coins - leaking a public key can mean loss of privacy.

Somewhat more care must be taken regarding extended keys, as these correspond to an entire sub tree of keys. One weakness that may not be immediately obvious, is that knowledge of a parent extended public key plus any non-hardened private key descending from it is equivalent to knowing the parent extended private key and thus every private and public key descending from it.

This means that extended public keys must be treated more carefully than regular public keys. It is also the reason for the existence of hardened keys, and why they are used for the account level in the tree. This way, a leak of account-specific or below private key never risks compromising the master or other accounts. Seed hex : fffcf9f6f3f0edeae7e4e1dedbd8d5d2cfccc9c6c3c0bdbab7b4b1aeaba8a5a29f9cd8ae7bf6cd5ae4b These vectors test for the retention of leading zeros.

Seed hex : 4bbecda4be46a87ae3d2a4e6da11ebacd4acba45dac14fb8d5ab5a0d0c64d2e8a1e7ddf2e5a3c51cbe. Skip to content. Permalink master. Go to file T Go to line L Copy path. Latest commit 4bc05ff Aug 4, History.